The problem is the session cookie may change while your doing your persistent calls. If you set every curl handle to update a shared cookiejar on close you may overwrite the new found session value with the old session value depending on the closing order of your handles.
This solves the problem of shared cookies fighting to write their values and keep persistent calls using the most up to date cookie information. Note: In my case the multiple calls were in a while loop and I was using php in shell. The session cookie value plus browser type limited the number of connections available and i wanted to use the max connections per session.
I wanted to create a script that acted as a bridge between an external server and an internal server, wherein the internal server was not connected to the internet, but had information required by the users connecting to the external server.
I hatched the idea to use curl to connect from the external server to the internal server using request variables to send queries and return everything data and headers returned by the file server. You have to wrap the hair around the appliance and wait for approximately 20 seconds before releasing the curl. Repeat this procedure several times and on all the hair. Do not brush your hair once it has cooled, as this will result in a more natural wavy look.
Password lost. You have lost your password. Please enter your email address and we will send you a password Confirm Cancel. FAQ How to better use my product. What is the purpose of the Ionic function depending on model? How do I change the plates on my crimper depending on model? How can I avoid burning my fingers when using my curling iron? What safety precautions should I take when using my curling iron?
How long do I have to wait for the curling irons to heat? If the first column of a config line is a ' ' character, the rest of the line will be treated as a comment. Only write one option per physical line in the config file. Specify the filename to -K, --config as '-' to make curl read the file from stdin.
Note that to be able to specify a URL in the config file, you need to specify it using the --url option, and not by simply writing the URL on its own line. Failing that, it uses getpwuid on Unix-like systems which returns the home dir given the current user in your system. On Unix-like systems, it will simply try to load. This only limits the connection phase, so if curl connects within the given period it will continue - if not it will exit.
Since version 7. See also -m, --max-time. This option is suitable to direct requests at a specific server, e. This option is only used to establish the network connection. SNI, certificate verification or for the application protocols. A "host" specified to this option is compared as a string, so it needs to match the name used in request URL. It can be either numerical such as " This option can be used many times to add many connect rules.
See also --resolve and -H, --header. The given offset is the exact number of bytes that will be skipped, counting from the beginning of the source file before it is transferred to the destination. See also -r, --range. Curl writes all cookies from its in-memory cookie storage to the given file at the end of operations. If no cookies are known, no data will be written. The file will be written using the Netscape cookie file format. If you set the file name to a single dash, "-", the cookies will be written to stdout.
This command line option will activate the cookie engine that makes curl record and use cookies. Another way to activate it is to use the -b, --cookie option.
If the cookie jar can't be created or written to, the whole curl operation won't fail or even report an error clearly. Using -v, --verbose will get a warning displayed, but that is the only visible feedback you get about this possibly lethal situation. If this option is used several times, the last specified file name will be used. It is supposedly the data previously received from the server in a "Set-Cookie:" line. This option also activates the cookie engine which will make curl record incoming cookies, which may be handy if you're using this in combination with the -L, --location option or do multiple URL transfers on the same invoke.
The file specified with -b, --cookie is only used as input. No cookies will be written to the file. To store cookies, use the -c, --cookie-jar option. Exercise caution if you are using this option and multiple transfers may occur. If the cookie engine is enabled and a server sets a cookie of the same name then both will be sent on a future transfer to that server, likely not what you intended. To address these issues set a domain in Set-Cookie doing that will include sub domains or use the Netscape format.
Users very often want to both read cookies from a file and write updated cookies back to a file, so using both -b, --cookie and -c, --cookie-jar in the same command line is common. This option creates the dirs mentioned with the -o, --output option, nothing else. If the --output file name uses no dir or if the dirs it mentions already exist, no dir will be created.
SMTP added in 7. If you start the data with the letter , the rest should be a filename. Data is posted in a similar manner as -d, --data does, except that newlines and carriage returns are preserved and conversions are never done. If this option is used several times, the ones following the first will append data as described in -d, --data. See also -d, --data. Note that the name part is expected to be URL-encoded already. Note that the name is expected to be URL-encoded already.
See also -d, --data and --data-raw. Compare to -F, --form. To post data purely binary, you should instead use the --data-binary option. To URL-encode the value of a form field you may use --data-urlencode. If you start the data with the letter , the rest should be a file name to read the data from, or - if you want curl to read the data from stdin.
Multiple files can also be specified. Posting data from a file named from a file like that, carriage returns and newlines will be stripped out.
If you don't want the character to have a special interpretation use --data-raw instead. See also --data-binary and --data-urlencode and --data-raw. This option overrides -F, --form and -I, --head and --upload. This is an authentication scheme that prevents the password from being sent over the wire in clear text. Use this in combination with the normal -u, --user option to set user name and password. If this option is used several times, only the first one is used.
See also -u, --user and --proxy-digest and --anyauth. This option overrides --basic and --ntlm and --negotiate. Disabling EPRT only changes the active behavior. If you want to switch to passive mode you need to not use -P, --ftp-port or force it with --ftp-pasv.
Disabling EPSV only changes the passive behavior. If you want to switch to active mode you need to use -P, --ftp-port. See the -K, --config for details on the default config file search path. This option is a counterpart to --interface which does not affect DNS. The supplied string must be an interface name not an address. See also --dns-ipv4-addr and --dns-ipv6-addr.
The argument should be a single IPv4 address. See also --dns-interface and --dns-ipv6-addr. The argument should be a single IPv6 address. See also --dns-interface and --dns-ipv4-addr. The list of IP addresses should be separated with commas.
This option is handy to use when you want to store the headers that an HTTP site sends to you. Cookies from the headers could then be read in a second curl invocation by using the -b, --cookie option! The -c, --cookie-jar option is a better way to store cookies. See also -o, --output. The socket is used to seed the random engine for SSL connections. See also --random-file. Use --engine list to print a list of build-time supported engines.
Note that not all or none of the engines may be available at run-time. By default curl will wait one second. This option accepts decimal values! When curl stops waiting, it will continue as if the response has been received. See also --connect-timeout. When curl is used to do multiple transfers on the command line, it will attempt to operate on each given URL, one by one. By default, it will ignore errors if there are more URLs given and the last URL's success will determine the error code curl returns.
So early failures will be "hidden" by subsequent successful transfers. Using this option, curl will instead return an error on the first transfer that fails, independent of the amount of URLs that are given on the command line. This way, no transfer failures go undetected by scripts and similar. This option is global and does not need to be specified for each use of -:, --next.
This option does not imply -f, --fail , which causes transfers to fail due to the server's HTTP status code. You can combine the two options, however note -f, --fail is not global and is therefore contained by -:, --next. This is mostly done to better enable scripts etc to better deal with failed attempts.
This flag will prevent curl from outputting that and return error This method is not fail-safe and there are occasions where non-successful response codes will slip through, especially when authentication is involved response codes and False start is a mode where a TLS client will start sending application data before verifying the server's Finished message, thus saving a round trip when performing a full handshake.
See also -F, --form. This enables uploading of binary files etc. To force the 'content' part to be a file, prefix the file name with an sign. Example: to send an image to an HTTP server, where 'profile' is the name of the form-field to which portrait. If stdin is not attached to a regular file, it is buffered first to determine its size and allow a possible resend. Defining a part's data from a named non-regular file such as a named pipe or similar is unfortunately not subject to buffering and will be effectively read at transmission time; since the full size is unknown before the transfer starts, data is sent as chunks by HTTP and rejected by IMAP.
When headers are read from a file, Empty lines and lines starting with ' ' are comments and ignored; each header can be folded by splitting between two words and starting the continuation line with a space; embedded carriage-returns and trailing spaces are stripped.
Here is an example of a header file contents: This file contain two headers. X-header this is a header The following header is folded. X-header this is another header To support sending multipart mail messages, the syntax is extended as follows: - name can be omitted: the equal sign is the first character of the argument, - if data starts with ' ', this signals to start a new multipart: it can be followed by a content type specification.
Beware of any extra spaces in the URL. A trailing space in the URL caused my script to fail with the message "empty reply from server". I had the following experience when harvesting urls with a get variable from a page using cUrl. It is hard to detect because when you output the url to the browser it renders the html. By using the switch -y and -Y you can make curl abort transfers if the transfer speed is below the specified lowest limit for a specified time.
To have curl abort the download if the speed is slower than bytes per second for 1 minute, run:. This can be used in combination with the overall time limit, so that the above operation must be completed in whole within 30 minutes:.
Forcing curl not to transfer data faster than a given rate is also possible, which might be useful if you are using a limited bandwidth connection and you do not want your transfer to use all of it sometimes referred to as bandwidth throttle.
When using the --limit-rate option, the transfer rate is regulated on a per-second basis, which will cause the total transfer speed to become lower than the given number. Sometimes of course substantially lower, if your transfer stalls during periods. Curl automatically tries to read the. The config file could be made up with normal command line switches, but you can also specify the long options without the dashes to make it more readable. Comments can be used within the file.
If the first letter on a line is a -symbol the rest of the line is treated as a comment. If you want the parameter to contain spaces, you must enclose the entire parameter within double quotes ".
Whitespaces ARE significant at the end of lines, but all whitespace leading up to the first characters of each line are ignored. Prevent curl from reading the default file by using -q as the first command line parameter, like:. Force curl to get and display a local help page in case it is invoked without URL by making a config file similar to:.
If you set config file name to - it will read the config from stdin, which can be handy if you want to hide options from being visible in process tables etc:. When using curl in your own programs, you may end up needing to pass on your own custom headers when getting a web page. You can do this by using the -H flag. This can also be useful in case you want curl to send a different text in a header than it normally does. The -H header you specify then replaces the header curl would normally send.
If you replace an internal header with an empty one, you prevent that header from being sent. To prevent the Host: header from being used:. With sftp: and scp: URLs, the path name given is the absolute name on the server. The FTP protocol requires one of the involved parties to open a second connection as soon as data is about to get transferred. There are two ways to do this. The default way for curl is to issue the PASV command which causes the server to open another port and await another connection performed by the client.
This is good if the client is behind a firewall that does not allow incoming connections. If the server, for example, is behind a firewall that does not allow connections on ports other than 21 or if it just does not support the PASV command , the other way to do it is to use the PORT command and instruct the server to connect to the client on the given IP number and port as parameters to the PORT command.
The -P flag to curl supports a few different options. Default address can also be used:.
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curl(1): transfer URL - Linux man page.
This makes curl ideal for testing communication from almost any local server with command line access and network connectivity. In this tutorial, we will show you how to use the curl tool through practical examples and detailed explanations of the most common curl options. To check on your system, open up a console, type curl, and then press enter. If curl is installed, you will see the following:. This command will retrieve the example. If no protocol is specified, curl tries to guess the protocol you want to use, and it will default to HTTP.
By default the response headers are hidden in the output of curl. To show them, use the i option:. Using the I option, you can get just the headers, and not the response body:. By default, GET is used, and would be the same as entering:.
You can automatically follow a redirect response, such as , by specifying the L option:. You can also just save a file by its name on the server, using the O option:. Sometimes HTTP access is only available through the use of a HTTP proxy, and this may require its own user and password to allow the client to get through. If the proxy requires the authentication to be done using the NTLM method, use --proxy-ntlm , if it requires Digest use --proxy-digest.
You can specify a different user agent using the --user-agent option:. Use the --verbose option to make curl output all the request and response details:. In that case, use --trace and --trace-ascii to show everything curl sends and receives.
Use the --trace-time option to prepend the time to each trace output line This is useful when you need to find out the amount of time taken at each point in the transfer:. SSL encrypts all the data that is sent and received over the network. Curl supports encrypted fetches when built to use a TLS library and it can be built to use one out of a fairly large set of libraries.
Use curl -V to show which library your particular installation of curl was built to use if any! Curl supports client-side certificates.
All certificates are locked with a pass phrase, which you need to enter before the certificate can be used by curl. The pass phrase can be specified on the command line or if not, entered interactively when curl queries for it.
Failing this verification will cause curl to deny the connection. Kerry has over 25 years of experience in various test roles and is passionate about the role of testing in delivering business value in an increasingly complex world.
Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. How to use cURL in Linux. What is cURL? Why use curl? How to Install curl on Linux curl is pre-installed on most Linux distributions. Specify a different User Agent The user agent tells the server which client is performing the request.
Related Posts. About The Author Kerry Kerry has over 25 years of experience in various test roles and is passionate about the role of testing in delivering business value in an increasingly complex world.
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- Curl manual
Introduction ยป. Submit a Pull Request Report a Bug. I wrote the following to see if a submitted URL curl manual a valid http response code and also if it responds quickly. I needed curl manual use cURL in a php script to download data using not curl manual SSL for the server authentication but also for client authentication. I can't see any other issues with this function curl manual.
Hey I modified script for curl manual 5. Also I add support server auth. The following note was included: Below is the my way manul using through PHP 5 objecte oriented encapsulation to make thing easier.
X on my Windows 7 machine. It turns out that it's not enough curl manual copy the two dll's mentioned libeay32 and sslea32 from the php folder into your system32 folder. Right click the file, select unblock, for each one. Then restart Apache. Another very handy security feature added into Windows.
Sharing is caring, handles included. Please curl manual that new versions of curl is using http2 as default, so if you are having some strange errors, 0 curl manual status codes, etc, please explicitly specify the http curl manual in your code. In order to use curl with secure sites you will need a ca-bundle. Also replaced real URL with example. Newbie questions and question whether a certain unit is good or not should be asked in.
This anomali only happen on windows. A solution that addresses repeat calls to the same set of urls using the curl manual connection simulating frequent ajax calls in separate browser tabs. In a unique situation you may need to set a cookie then use that cookie for multiple separate persistent connections using the same session cookie.
The problem is the session cookie may change while your doing your persistent calls. If you set every curl handle ckrl update a shared cookiejar on curl manual you may overwrite the new found session value with the old session value depending on the closing order of your handles.
This solves the problem of shared cookies fighting to write curl manual values and keep persistent calls using the most up to date cookie information.
Note: In my case the multiple calls manuzl in a while loop and Curl manual was using php in shell. The session cookie value plus browser type limited the number of connections available and i wanted to use the max connections per session. I wanted to create a script that acted as a bridge between an external server curl manual an internal server, wherein the internal server was not connected to mankal internet, but had information required by the users connecting to the external server.
I hatched the idea to use curl to connect curl manual the external server to the internal server using request variables to send queries and return everything data and headers returned by the file server. I tried on a whim duplicating and curl manual the header and passing the duplicate to the header function I don't know if this is just some quirk of PHP4 or my lack of understanding of how the curl and header function works.
I'm having problem to read this website. This mnual is automatic. Your browser will redirect to your requested content shortly. After reading this post only one words comes out from my mouth that is "WoW". This post has helps me to acquire some new knowledge. So thanks for sharing your valuable ideas with cyrl.
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